When it comes to motion control, accuracy matters. Whether you’re building machinery, controlling a robotic arm, or monitoring actuator position, the sensor you choose will impact performance, reliability, and overall system efficiency.
In this guide, we’ll break down the differences between potentiometers and encoders, helping you understand how each one works and where they fit best. We’ll also look at specific types like linear potentiometers, single-turn potentiometers, multi-turn potentiometers, and rotary encoders—all essential components in industries that rely on precision.
How Potentiometers Work
A potentiometer is a position sensor that changes resistance as it moves. It converts that resistance into an electrical signal. That signal tells your system where something is—like how far an actuator has moved or how much a knob has turned.
Potentiometers come in different types depending on their range and design:
- A linear potentiometer measures straight-line motion. It’s often used in automation and heavy machinery.
- A single-turn potentiometer measures rotation in one full turn (usually 0° to 270°).
- A multi-turn potentiometer measures several full turns, giving more range and precision—ideal for fine adjustments.
These devices are simple, cost-effective, and great for many applications that don’t require complex digital feedback.
How Rotary Encoders Work
A rotary encoder is a digital sensor that tracks position and movement. It detects how far something has turned and how fast. Unlike a potentiometer, which sends an analog signal, an encoder sends digital pulses to represent motion.
Rotary encoders come in two main types:
- Incremental encoders, which measure relative movement.
- Absolute encoders, which measure exact position even after power loss.
Rotary encoders are ideal for systems that need high accuracy and digital integration—like robotics, CNC machines, and aerospace controls.
Main Differences Between Potentiometers and Encoders
Here’s a simple breakdown of how potentiometers and encoders compare:
| Feature | Potentiometer | Rotary Encoder |
| Output | Analog voltage | Digital pulses |
| Accuracy | Good | Very High |
| Cost | Lower | Higher |
| Lifespan | Moderate | Long (no contact) |
| Environment | Needs protection | More rugged options |
| Complexity | Easy to use | Needs integration |
Both devices offer motion feedback, but the choice depends on how precise your system needs to be, how often it moves, and what kind of environment it’s in.
When to Choose a Potentiometer
Use a potentiometer when you need reliable position sensing in basic systems. They’re perfect for applications where cost, simplicity, and analog signals matter.
Ideal uses:
- Machine controls
- Hydraulic actuator feedback
- Testing equipment
- Automotive throttle position sensors
If you’re working on a machine that doesn’t need exact digital readings or complex controls, a single-turn potentiometer can handle the job well. And if you need more precision, a multi-turn potentiometer gives you that extra range for finer adjustments.
When to Choose a Rotary Encoder
Choose a rotary encoder when you need digital precision and real-time feedback. They’re excellent for demanding environments and complex systems.
Ideal uses:
- Industrial robotics
- CNC machines
- Servo motor feedback
- Aerospace and defense systems
Because they provide fast and accurate digital signals, encoders help your automation system respond quickly and stay on target.
Industry Use Cases for Potentiometers and Encoders
ETI Systems supplies potentiometers and encoders to industries that depend on reliable motion control. Here’s where each type shines:
Industrial Automation
- Linear potentiometers track actuator movement.
- Rotary encoders give motor position feedback.
- Multi-turn potentiometers adjust settings on control panels.
Automotive and Transportation
- Single-turn potentiometers are used in pedal and throttle sensors.
- Rotary encoders monitor wheel speed and steering position.
- Linear potentiometers support active suspension and heavy machinery controls.
Aerospace and Defense
- Multi-turn potentiometers help adjust flight systems.
- Encoders provide precise position data in navigation and targeting.
Medical and Lab Equipment
- Linear potentiometers adjust table and equipment positions.
- Encoders guide robotic tools and lab automation systems.
- Single-turn potentiometers fine-tune medical devices.
Each device plays a unique role, and knowing where it belongs helps you avoid unnecessary complexity—or worse, performance issues.
How to Make the Right Choice
When deciding between a potentiometer and a rotary encoder, ask these questions:
- What level of accuracy do you need?
- Will the system work better with analog or digital output?
- How often will the device be used?
- What is the working environment like—dusty, wet, or clean?
- What’s your budget?
If you need basic control and want to keep costs low, start with a linear potentiometer or single-turn potentiometer. If your system needs high-speed feedback or works in harsh conditions, invest in a rotary encoder for better performance and longer life.
Why ETI Systems Stands Above the Rest
ETI Systems designs sensors that serve real-world industries. Whether you need a rugged multi-turn potentiometer for precision or a compact rotary encoder for fast data feedback, they deliver proven, dependable components.
Their products are used in industrial machinery, aerospace systems, automotive tech, and medical equipment. That experience means ETI understands your needs—and builds motion control solutions that last.
Choosing the Sensor That Moves You Forward
There’s no one-size-fits-all solution in motion control. Your application decides whether a potentiometer or rotary encoder fits best. The good news? Both offer reliable performance—you just need to match the right one to your system.
Whether you’re measuring a turn, a slide, or a full rotation across multiple settings, ETI Systems has the solution—be it a single-turn potentiometer, a linear potentiometer, a multi-turn potentiometer, or a high-performance rotary encoder.
Make the right move—choose the sensor that drives accuracy, reliability, and performance.